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Recently, Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has received increased attention as a respiratory virus that can cause significant illness, particularly among vulnerable populations. Although it may not be as widely recognized as other respiratory viruses like the flu or COVID-19, HMPV is a significant cause of respiratory infections, especially during the colder months. In this blog post, we will explore what HMPV is, its symptoms and causes, how it spreads, and why it is crucial to understand this virus for better prevention and management.

What is the HMPV Virus (Human Metapneumovirus)?

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a virus that infects the upper and lower respiratory tract. It is part of the Paramyxoviridae family, a group of viruses that also includes the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and the measles virus. First identified in 2001, HMPV can cause a range of respiratory illnesses, from mild cold-like symptoms to more severe diseases like pneumonia or bronchiolitis, particularly in infants, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

HMPV is relatively common and has been identified as one of the major causes of acute respiratory illness in both children and adults, especially in the winter and spring months when respiratory viruses are more prevalent. Though it shares some symptoms with other viral respiratory infections, such as RSV and the flu, HMPV is unique in its ability to affect a wide age range.

Related: HMPV Virus in China: How the Outbreak is Affecting Public Health?

What is human metapneumovirus #HMPV – the pathogen currently in the news coming from China?

It’s a fairly common respiratory virus that usually causes relatively mild symptoms like cough, fever, nasal congestion and wheezing.

Severe cases, however, can lead to… pic.twitter.com/UP81tyO0PH

— Hans Kluge (@hans_kluge) January 4, 2025

Symptoms of HMPV Virus

HMPV typically presents with symptoms similar to those of the common cold or flu. The severity of symptoms can vary based on the individual’s age and overall health, but the virus commonly causes respiratory issues. Here are the most common symptoms associated with HMPV:

1. Cough: A persistent dry or productive cough is one of the most common signs of HMPV infection. It can last for several days or even weeks.
2. Fever: Like many viral infections, fever is common in people with HMPV. It may range from mild to moderate and is often accompanied by chills.
3. Nasal Congestion: A blocked or runny nose is another frequent symptom of HMPV, making breathing through the nose difficult.
4. Sore Throat: A scratchy or sore throat may accompany other symptoms, contributing to discomfort during swallowing.
5. Wheezing and Shortness of Breath: In more severe cases, HMPV can lead to wheezing, especially in younger children or individuals with underlying respiratory conditions like asthma. This can be an indicator of lower respiratory tract involvement.
6. Fatigue: Like many viral infections, HMPV causes fatigue, which can be debilitating and last for several days.
7. Difficulty Breathing (In Severe Cases): For people with weakened immune systems or pre-existing lung conditions, HMPV can lead to serious complications like bronchiolitis or pneumonia, causing difficulty breathing and requiring medical intervention.

Causes of HMPV Virus Infection

HMPV is caused by a viral infection from the Human Metapneumovirus, which primarily infects the respiratory system. The virus can affect people of all ages, but certain groups are more susceptible to severe illness, such as infants, elderly adults, and individuals with pre-existing conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or heart disease.

The virus is transmitted when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing tiny droplets into the air that can be inhaled by nearby individuals. It can also spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face, especially the eyes, nose, or mouth.

How Does HMPV Virus Spread?

HMPV spreads in much the same way as other respiratory viruses. The key modes of transmission include:

1. Person-to-Person Transmission: HMPV spreads primarily through respiratory droplets. When an infected person coughs, sneezes or even speaks, the virus can be transmitted to others who are nearby, especially in crowded places like schools, offices, and public transportation.
2. Contact with Contaminated Surfaces: The virus can also be transmitted through contact with surfaces that have been contaminated with respiratory droplets. For example, touching doorknobs, handrails, or phones after an infected person has touched them can lead to the virus spreading. Once you touch these contaminated surfaces, touching your face can introduce the virus into your system.
3. Airborne Particles: In some cases, tiny airborne particles from an infected person can linger in the air and be inhaled, especially in closed spaces with poor ventilation.
4. Close Contact: Close contact with an infected person, such as hugging or shaking hands, can also increase the likelihood of the virus spreading.

Who is at Risk for Severe HMPV Virus Infections?

While anyone can contract HMPV, certain groups are at higher risk for more severe illness. These include:

1. Young Children and Infants: Babies and young children, particularly those under the age of two, are at higher risk for serious complications from HMPV. Their immune systems and respiratory systems are still developing, making them more susceptible to severe respiratory infections like pneumonia and bronchiolitis.
2. Elderly Adults: Older adults, especially those over 65, are also more likely to experience severe symptoms from HMPV due to a weakened immune system and the presence of other chronic health conditions.
3. People with Compromised Immune Systems: Individuals with weakened immune systems due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, or organ transplants are at increased risk for severe HMPV infection. Their immune systems may not be able to fight off the virus effectively, leading to more serious complications.
4. People with Pre-existing Respiratory Conditions: Those who already suffer from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or other lung conditions are at a higher risk of severe respiratory distress and complications when infected with HMPV.

Prevention of HMPV Virus

Since there is no specific vaccine or antiviral treatment for HMPV, prevention is key in reducing the spread of the virus. Here are some effective strategies:

1. Good Hygiene Practices: Frequent handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential in preventing the transmission of HMPV. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers are also effective when soap and water are not available.
2. Avoid Close Contact: People who are sick should avoid close contact with others, particularly those who are at high risk, such as young children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions.
3. Covering Coughs and Sneezes: Always cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or the inside of your elbow when coughing or sneezing to minimize the spread of respiratory droplets.
4. Disinfect Surfaces Regularly: Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces, like doorknobs, remote controls, and cell phones, can reduce the risk of transmitting the virus through contact.
5. Stay Home When Sick: If you are experiencing symptoms of a respiratory illness, it is important to stay home from work or school to prevent spreading the virus to others.

Treatment for HMPV Virus

Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for HMPV. Most cases are managed by treating symptoms, much like the flu or common cold. Doctors may recommend over-the-counter medications to reduce fever and ease congestion. For more severe cases, especially in vulnerable populations, hospitalization may be required for oxygen therapy or more intensive respiratory support.

Finally,

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that can cause mild to severe illness, with symptoms similar to those of the common cold, flu, or RSV. While it is often mild in healthy individuals, it can lead to more serious complications in infants, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and modes of transmission of HMPV is critical for preventing its spread. Practising good hygiene, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and staying home when ill are essential steps in reducing the impact of this virus on public health.

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